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The Norman Palace in Palermo, the former seat of the kings of Sicily, is the oldest royal residence in Europe. Its greatest attraction is the Palatine Chapel, where every detail reveals the perfect union among different styles: Latin, Byzantine, Arab — here’s where the ancient cultures of the Mediterranean blend to reflect that ‘melting pot’ that Sicily was in the Middle Ages. 

The Palatine Chapel was commissioned by Roger II, King of Sicily, who wanted to highlight the prestige of his kingdom.  

The Latin features are visible in the Roman columns and in the discs of red porphyry on the walls, which were used by Roman emperors as symbols of their power. 

The pavement, with its geometric inlays made with fine marble pieces, reveals the Arab influence, which is also masterfully expressed in the ceiling. The wood paneling was painted by Maghrebi artists. The characters depicted are the only record of of human figures painted by Islamic artists inside a place of worship. According to some scholars, they represent daily life in an Arab court; others say they represent the Islamic heaven. 

The Christian element of the chapel is expressed in the sumptuous Byzantine mosaics decorating the wall and the apse, where the imposing figure of the Christ Pantocrator, king of the universe, prevails over all others. This symbol, which intends to confer divine authority on the king, is a recurring theme in Byzantine art and is also found in the Cathedrals of Monreale and Cefalù in Sicily.

The Norman Palace is part of the serial UNESCO site ‘Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalú and Monreale,’ which UNESCO describes as “an example of a social-cultural syncretism between Western, Islamic and Byzantine cultures on the island which gave rise to new concepts of space, structure and decoration.”